The Veleta : New Round Dance

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The Role of Brown Bears (\u3ci\u3eUrsus arctos\u3c/i\u3e) in Nutrient Transport into Forests Near a Salmon Stream in Coastal British Columbia, Canada

Nutrients from spawned salmon contribute to the fertility of rivers and riparian areas. Adjacent forests, even far from rivers, could receive substantial amounts of nitrogen and other nutrients from salmon. Since brown bears feed heavily on spawning salmon, bears probably influence the movement of nutrients from salmon into surrounding forests. Because salmon-derived nitrogen is high in 15N, increased isotopic enrichment is expected in forest soils and vegetation if this transport is occurring. Based on relative 15N enrichment of spawning areas, a quantitative estimate of marine-derived nitrogen (MDN) can be obtained using a linear two-source mixing model. To evaluate the reliability of MDN estimates based on such a two-source mixing model, we evaluated some assumptions used in mixing model calculations. We determined isotopic changes as nitrogen moved from salmon tissue into brown bear feces and soil where the bears were feeding on salmon near Knight Inlet, British Columbia. We also used a simulation model to evaluate fractionation\u27s effect on MDN estimates. To evaluate dissemination of MDN by grizzly bears, we determined 15N of vegetation and soil from transects across bear trails and beds along the Koeye River, British Columbia. We expected to find the highest isotopic enrichment closest to bear trails and beds. We found little difference (about 2%o) between δ15N of salmon tissue and δ15N of salmon-derived N in soil. However, δ15N in other areas was high, even exceeding δ15N of salmon tissue. Using a simulation model we found that fractionation of N losses from the soil caused gross (more than 70% in some cases) overestimates of MDN. It appeared that 15N fractionation could be large enough under natural conditions to prevent accurate quantification of MDN with a two-source mixing model. Delta 15 N at bear trails and beds exceeded δ15N from several meters away on both sides (by an average of 1.5%0), and δ15N of a reference transect, supporting the assertion that bears move substantial amounts of MDN upslope. We calculated 5% to 56% MDN in soil within 10 m of bear trails and beds using δ15N data, compared to 14% MDN based on the 15N difference between reference and spawning sites

A Study of Bull Associations

A cooperative bull association , according to the United States Department of Agriculture, is a farmers\u27 organlzation formed for the purpose of joint ownership, use, and exchange of high class, purebred dairy bulls. The members of the association are divided into three or more groups of neighboring farmers, each group being known as a block. A block may consist of one herd or several herds and contains from 40 to 60 cows. One bull is used in each block, and in order to prevent inbreeding, each bull is moved to another block every two years. If all the bulls live and are kept until each has made one complete circuit, no new bulls need to be purchased for six or more years, or as long as these bulls continue to be serviceable. During this time, each member will have had the use of a high class, purebred bull. A similar organization to this has been known in Europe for a number of years. The first bull association was started in the United States by the Michigan Agricultural College in 1908 and since that time the movement has spread throughout our whole country, and in 1925 the United States Department of Agriculture reported 220 associations containing 1003 bulls. Each association had an average of 31.1 members, 4.6 bulls, 40.9 purebred cows, and 157.7 grade cows. There was an average of 6.8 members and 43 cows per bull. Of the 39 states reporting associations at that time , Idaho ranked first wlth32 associations and Utah fifth, with 14. From the Summary of Bull Associations in United States, January 1, 1929, we find that there has been some increase over 1925. The report gives 339 active associations with 6353 members owning 1569 bulls. Texas, instead of Idaho, is now on lead with 57 associations and Utah is reported as having 18 associations with 77 bulls

Phyllis Moseley and Arthur Morris in a Joint Junior Voice Recital

This is the program for the joint junior voice recital of soprano Phyllis Moseley and baritone Arthur Morris. Dora Ann King accompanied Moseley, and Bob Braswell accompanied Morris. The recital took place on March 28, 1965

Phase Equilibria And Thermodynamic Studies In The System CaO-FeO-Fe2O3-SiO2

Phase equilibria and thermodynamic properties of the system CaO-FeO-Fe2O3-SiO2 were studied at 1450° and 1550°C, over a range of pO2 from 1 to about 10-11 atm. Isothermal phase diagrams and activity-composition diagrams were constructed for 0, 5, 10, 20, and 30 wt pct SiO2 sections. The data are applicable to further understanding the behavior of simple BOF steelmaking slags. © 1970 The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society - ASM International - The Materials Information Society

Floodplain Succession and Soil Nitrogen Accumulation on a Salmon River in Southwestern Kamchatka

We documented riparian primary succession on an expansive floodplain (Kol River, Kamchatka, Russian Federation) that receives large nitrogen subsidies from spawning Pacific salmon. As is typical of primary succession, new alluvial deposits in the lower Kol floodplain were nitrogen poor (200 kg persulfate N/ha to 10 cm soil depth); however, nitrogen accumulated rapidly, and soils contained 1600 kg N/ha (to 10 cm + the litter layer) by 20 years. Soil nitrogen approached an asymptote at 2500 kg N/ha by 80 years. Nitrogen-fixing Alnus trees were a minor component of the forest community during the first 20 years of succession. However, salmon carcasses were a substantial nitrogen source during this period of rapid nitrogen accumulation. Similar to other northern Pacific Rim floodplains, we found that new alluvial deposits were colonized by Salix, Chosenia, and Alnus trees; but, unlike other described chronosequences, the community transitioned into meadows of tall forbs (some \u3e2.5 m in height) dominated by Filipendula camtschatica after 100 years. Foliage of all the major vascular plants occurring in the modern floodplain was exceptionally nitrogen rich (i.e., mean molar C:N for each species was 12–27, and the range for all samples was 8–36); therefore we suggest that salmon allow nitrophilic vegetation to proliferate in the Kol floodplain by ameliorating nitrogen infertility during early succession and building nitrogen rich soils